Whether your idea of a fun Saturday night includes a lively evening out with friends or a quiet night at home on the couch with a book depends partly on how your brain functions.
In the 1920s, psychologist Carl Jung introduced the terms introvert and extrovert to describe contrasting personality types hypothesising that the main difference came from how people were energized. Extroverts, he proposed, gain energy from their environments and social interaction and get anxious when alone. Introverts refuel in quiet and solitude and find socializing and busy environments draining and overstimulating. Psychologists have since added a third category, the ambivert, to describe someone who exhibits both personality types.
No one is completely introverted or extroverted, and as Carl Jung reportedly said, “Such a person would be in the lunatic asylum.” Introversion and extroversion are at the opposite ends of the same spectrum, and we all need interaction with and draw energy from others at times and need solitude and down time. Everybody drifts up and down the spectrum depending on what’s going on in their life and how they’re feeling, but a person tends to favor one personality type over the long run.
Turns out that Jung was right.
Science Shows Brain Differences
In studies by researcher Michael Cohen in 2005, extroverts were found to have more active dopamine systems. Dopamine, the “reward drug,” is a neurochemical playing a crucial role in the brain circuits controlling approach (vs avoidance), reward-motivated behavior, learning, and response to novelty. This finding supports the proposal another psychologist, Hans Eysenck, made in the 1960s that extroverts have a higher level of psychological arousal, the extent to which our bodies and minds are alert and ready to respond to stimuli. Hence, the extroverts’ need for social engagement, seeking out novel experiences, and risk taking.
Conversely, introverted people might be overstimulated by situations extroverts find pleasantly exciting or engaging because they have a low level of psychological arousal. The introvert tends to seek out quiet conversations, solitary pursuits, and predictable environments.
Other research conducted in 2013, determined that extroverts have a more robust dopamine response to reward, such as food, sex, social interactions as well as more abstract things such as money or achieving a goal, and form stronger memories associating circumstances with the reward. In other words, extroverts experience more frequent, stronger positive emotions and memories with rewards than introverts which perpetuates their extroverted behavior.
In 1999, studies found that introverts had more blood flow to their frontal lobes, brain regions primarily responsible for executive function, personality, purposeful behavior, decision making, as well as in areas involved in recalling events, making plans, and solving problems. Extroverts had more blood flow in brain areas concerned with interpreting sensory data which would mean, just as Jung suspected, that extroverts focused attention externally while introverts focused inward.
Scientists don’t know if these differences in the brain cause a person to be one way or the other or if the person’s behavior causes their brains to function accordingly.
So, part of the introvert/extrovert difference is physically based your brain, and part of it is learned from your experiences and social conditioning. Being introverted or extroverted is neither good nor bad, and both have benefits and drawbacks depending on the specific situation. There are circumstances where an introvert may want to encourage more extroverted qualities and vice versa. The key is to become aware of your motivations, preferences, and needs and honor them to make sure you’re taking care of yourself and aren’t instinctually making decisions and behaving out of fear or due to subconscious influences.
It’s An Extrovert’s World
However, much of the world, from the school system to the workplace, is set up to reward extroverts leaving introverts overlooked or feeling as if they don’t measure up. In business where networking is so important, an introvert might be seen as not being “leadership material.” Psychologists believe that social media is proving to be a great equalizer and valuable tool for the introvert because it allows them to communicate and network on their own terms. (I would wholeheartedly agree.)
For example, I consider myself a social introvert, meaning I need lots of quiet and solitude but do occasionally enjoy socializing one-on-one or in small groups. I didn’t acknowledge or accept this until the last decade and grew up with a very extroverted mother who thrives on an active social life and had a successful career in sales. Growing up, I always felt like something was wrong with me because I wasn’t more like her. I wanted to be and tried to be, but it just wasn’t happening.
In second grade, I had to get up in front of the class and recite a poem or something like that. Standing there, in front of the whole class in my little plaid dress, I actually peed on myself and made a puddle on the floor because I was so nervous. Now, I’ve had a brain injury, and I don’t recall some things, but I still remember that humiliating incident – even down to the details of my dress. As a preteen, I swam competitively and would get so anxious before big races that I’d throw up.
I found a group of friends and learned to be more social and extroverted in high school and college, but my introverted nature was still there. Fast forward to my first job out of college, selling advertising for a magazine. Instead of going around making cold calls, I used to drive home and sit in my apartment until the end of the day when it was time to head back to the office. Needless to say, I wasn’t very successful at that job, but I wanted to be and criticized myself mercilessly for not being able to knock on doors.
When I finally learned to accept and honor my introverted tendencies and quit trying to fit the image of what I thought I should be like (Those “shoulds” are bad news!), I realized there was nothing wrong with me and became a lot happier. I was just different from my mother and that was OK.
The Introvert/Extrovert In You
If you’re an introvert too, it’s important to realize that it’s not a problem to be fixed, but a natural and healthy personality trait which needs to be respected when making life choices – such as jobs requiring you to make cold calls. However, an introvert can benefit by sometimes fostering the ability to act like an extrovert and get outside their comfort zone in certain situations. The reverse is also true. These articles have some good suggestions: Attention Introverts: How To Become More Extroverted and How To Turn An Introvert Into An Extrovert (Or Vice Versa).
Whether you’re an introvert, extrovert, or ambivert, you are fine just the way you are, and I would encourage you not label yourself or get stuck in the same old habits and patterns. Any person and their brain is going to benefit by continually learning, growing, and having new experiences. Honor who you are, but push and support yourself to live the fullest life you can – whatever that looks like to you!
Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/gabrielwalsh/
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11 Comments
Realizing that I was an introvert was one of the most important things I’ve learned about myself. I’m very friendly and love nothing more than a good one-on-one conversation so it was not real obvious that I was an introvert. Learning I was in introvert changed the way I spend my spare time and how I recharge my batteries. The internet is fantastic for those of us who would rather read, learn, think, and write than go to a party!
Deane, I hope you realized i earlier than I did! I too, enjoy a conversation one on one. My son always says, “And YOU consider yourself an introvert?” I always was. Finally accepting and respecting it has made a huge difference in my happiness.
Very interesting! I’m definitely more on the introvert end of the spectrum, but like you I thought I should be extroverted for many years. I think genetics may play a role as well.
That you are an introvert doesn’t surprise me, Sandra. (All the best of us are!) When I quit trying to be an extrovert, life go much easier!
I realized that I’m an introvert at an early age and never had a problem with it since I’m not shy rather just simply quiet,the way you wrote this it seemed that you assumed most introverts to be shy as you where.
I guess, I did assume the two went together. Thanks for clarifying that they don’t have to. Never really considered it, but you’re right. I’m not really shy either in a small group or one on one. My son always says, “You’ll talk to anybody.” TO him, that’s not a good thing!
I guess, I did assume the two went together. Thanks for clarifying that they don’t have to. Never really considered it, but you’re right. I’m not really shy either in a small group or one on one. My son always says, “You’ll talk to anybody.” TO him, that’s not a good thing! 🙂
The discussion of Eysenck’s theory could be improved by making a distinction between a person’s base level of neurophysiological arousal (I.e. arousal before a person engages with the environment) and arousal after such engagement, because according to Eysenck an extrovert’s base level of arousal is low, whereas that of an introvert is higher (so not the other way around as the original post might incorrectly suggest). Since we need an optimal medium level of neurophysiological arousal to function (I.e., to be alert and attend), instead of being either too drowsy or overstimulated, extraverts will seek to increase their naturally low level of arousal by looking for external stimulation (e.g., social interactions), whereas introverts will seek to not drive their naturally high base level of arousal over the edge by avoiding external stimulation (e.g. quiet evening reading a book). This is not meant as an endorsement of Eyesenck’s theory, just sharing my understanding of it here. – Henk Haarmann (cognitive neuroscientist DC-Baltimore area).
Thinking about Eysenck’s theory, there seem to be at least several other factors shaping whether and under what conditions a person seeks internal vs external stimulation, such as one’s history of painful engagement with specific external social environments and tendency to generalize beyond it and in response either avoid it or re-experience it. Moreover, Eysenck’s theory seems to assume that internal stimulation is inherently less arousing than external stimulation. But it is not a priori clear to me why that would be the case. Only systematic, replicated comparisons of neurophysiological arousal at baseline and after internal and external engagement under various conditions – correlated with realtime moment to moment reports of experience versus its memory recall later – within and across individuals would seem to be able to shed light on the questions that Eysenk’s theory raises. Such research should then also look at factors other than neurophysiological arousal that impact the outcome variables here, for example, why and when a person values internal and external engagement. One then has to determine what factors explain most of the variation within and between individuals.
All very good points. You should write a post on it!
Thank you for the clarification and further information.